Nangona zazininzi izitulo zeofisi ezinempembelelo entle ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, yayiyindawo ephantsi yoyilo lwe-ergonomic.Ngokomzekelo, uFrank Lloyd Wright, wenza izitulo ezininzi ezikhangayo, kodwa njengabanye abaqulunqi, wayenomdla wokuhombisa isitulo kune-ergonomics.Kwezinye iimeko, wayecinga ngezinto ezenziwa ngabantu.Isitulo seSakhiwo sika-1904 saseLarkin senzelwe abachwethezi.Xa umchwethezi engqiyama phambili, ngokunjalo nesitulo.
Ngenxa yokungazinzi kakuhle kwesitulo, esathi kamva sabizwa ngokuba “sisitulo sokuzibulala”, uWright walukhusela uyilo lwakhe, esithi lufuna ukuba ube nesimo esihle sokuhlala.
Isitulo awayesenzela usihlalo wenkampani sasinokujikeleziswa kwaye sihlengahlengise ubude baso, sasigqalwa njengesinye sezona zitulo zeofisi ezinkulu.Usihlalo, useMetropolitan Museum of Art ngoku.
Ngeminyaka yee-1920, ingcamango yokuba ukuhlala ngokukhululekileyo kwenza abantu bonqene yayixhaphakile kangangokuba abasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso babehleli ezitulweni bengenamqolo.Ngelo xesha, bekukho izikhalazo ezikhulayo malunga nokwehla kwemveliso kunye nezigulo zabasebenzi, ngakumbi phakathi kwabasebenzi basetyhini.Ke, inkampani iTan-Sad ibeke kwindawo yentengiso isihlalo esinokuhlengahlengisa ukuphakama kwe-backrest.
I-ergonomics ngokuthe ngcembe yaduma ngeli xesha kwi-1950 kunye ne-1960s, nangona kunjalo, eli gama liye lavela ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 ngaphambili kwaye alizange lifike phambili kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II.Uhlolisiso luye lwabonisa ukuba emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imisebenzi emininzi yayifuna ukuba sihlale phantsi.Usihlalo we-MAA we-1958, oyilwe ngumyili u-Herman Miller uGeorge Nelson, yayinoveli kwinto yokuba i-backrest yayo kunye nesiseko saso sathambeka ngokuzimeleyo, sidala amava amatsha kumzimba womntu emsebenzini.
Kwiminyaka ye-1970, abaqulunqi bezoshishino baba nomdla kwimigaqo ye-ergonomic.Kukho iincwadi ezimbini eziphambili ze-iconic zaseMelika: "Umlinganiselo woMntu" kaHenry Dreyfuss kunye ne-Niels Diffrient "Humanscale" ibonisa ubunzima be-ergonomics.
URani Lueder, i-ergonomist oye walandela isihlalo iminyaka emininzi, ukholelwa ukuba ababhali beencwadi ezimbini bagqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo ngeendlela ezithile, kodwa ukuba ezi zikhokelo ezilula zinceda ekuphuhliseni isihlalo.UDevenritter kunye nabayili uWolfgang Mueller noWilliam Stumpf, ngelixa bephumeza ezi ziphumo, baqulunqa indlela yokusebenzisa i-polyurethane foam ebunjiweyo ukuxhasa umzimba.
Ngo-1974, isikhulu semveliso yanamhlanje uHerman Miller wacela uStumpf ukuba asebenzise uphando lwakhe ukuyila isitulo seofisi.Isiphumo sale ntsebenziswano yaba nguSihlalo we-Ergon, owaqala ukukhululwa kwi-1976. Nangona iingcali ze-ergonomics azivumelani nesihlalo, azivumelani nokuba zizise i-ergonomics kubantu abaninzi.
Isitulo se-Ergon siguqukile ngokwemigaqo yobunjineli, kodwa ayintle.Ukususela kwi-1974 ukuya kwi-1976, u-Emilio Ambasz kunye noGiancarloPiretti baqulunqa "uSihlalo weSihlalo", esidibanisa ubunjineli kunye ne-aesthetics kwaye ibonakala njengomsebenzi wobugcisa.
Ngowe-1980, umsebenzi waseofisini wawulelona candelo likhula ngokukhawuleza kwimarike yemisebenzi yaseUnited States.Ngaloo nyaka, abaqulunqi baseNorway uPeter Opsvik kunye noSvein Gusrud beza nesinye isisombululo kwiintlungu zangasemva, ukuhlala kwedesika engapheliyo kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo: Musa ukuhlala, uguqe.
Isitulo sase-Norwegian Balans G, esishiya indawo yokuhlala ye-right-angle yendabuko, isebenzisa i-Engile eya phambili.Isihlalo sika-Balans G asizange siphumelele.Abalinganisi bavelise ezi zitulo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngokunzulu ukuyila, okukhokelela kwizikhalazo eziqhubekayo malunga neentlungu zedolo kunye nezinye iingxaki.
Njengoko iikhomputha zaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeeofisi kwi-1980s, iingxelo zokulimala okunxulumene nekhompyutheni zavuka, kunye noyilo oluninzi lwe-ergonomic chair luvumela izithuba ezininzi.Kwi-1985, uJerome Congleton wayila isihlalo se-Pos, esichaza njengendalo kunye ne-zero-gravity, kwaye yafundwa yi-NASA.
Kwi-1994, abaqulunqi bakaHerman Miller uWilliam Stumpf kunye noDonald Chadwick bayila uSihlalo we-Allen, mhlawumbi isitulo se-ofisi ye-ergonomic kuphela eyaziwayo kwihlabathi langaphandle.Yintoni entsha malunga nesitulo kukuba ixhasa i-lumbar spine, kunye ne-cushion emileyo efakwe kwi-curved back enokuthi itshintshe kunye nomzimba ukuze ulungelelanise izikhundla ezahlukeneyo, nokuba ulala ukuthetha kwifowuni okanye ukuxhomekeka phambili ukuchwetheza.
Kuhlala kukho umyili onxila ngexesha lophando, ajikeleze, kwaye atshice ebusweni behlabathi.Ngo-1995, kunyaka nje emva kokuba isitulo sika-Allen sivele, uDonald Judd, lowo uJenny Pinter wambiza ngokuba ngumzobi kunye nomkroli, wakhulisa umva waza wandisa ukunyanzeliswa kwesitulo ukuze enze isitulo esithe tye, esifana nebhokisi.Xa ebuzwa malunga nokuthuthuzela kwayo, wagxininisa ukuba "izitulo ezithe tye zilungele ukutya nokubhala."
Ukusukela oko kwasungulwa uSihlalo ka-Allen, bekukho izitulo ezininzi ezinomtsalane.Okwangoku, igama elithi ergonomics alinantsingiselo kuba kukho izifundo ezininzi kwaye zingcono kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa akukho mgangatho wokuchonga ukuba isihlalo si-ergonomic.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-16-2023